Constructivism is based on Gestalt psychology and cognitivism; the leading theorist is Vygotsky.

Major concepts:

• Knowledge is open to many interpretations and is in the context of a particular situation.
• Self-discovery is a part of the learning.
• Students must make decisions based on their own values and sense of identity.
• Knowledge is the means to the end, not the end itself.  It is based on a student's mental construct of a concept, that which they interpret themselves.
• Truth is relative.

Implications for teaching/learning:

• Students use prior and current experiences to derive knowledge.  
• Education is life itself, not merely a preparation for it.
• Teachers have to take the learners where they are and move them forward in an experience they value at the time.
• Students require more time to construct a concept than to be told it.  Fewer topics may be taught but the students retain them over time better.
• Hands-on activities work well here.  Learn by doing is the axiom.
• Teachers design activities and assignments framed in problem-solving.
• Teachers are facilitators.  They provide support to start and gradually reduce support as student competence and ability to assume responsibility increases (scaffolding).

Ideas for teaching/learning on-line:

• Problem-based learning works well on-line.
• Use activities where synthesis of ideas leads to practical